Objective To investigate the community structure of parasitic fleas on the main rodents in Junggar Basin plague focus, and to analyze the role of each flea species in plague epizootiology. Methods The community structure factors, similarity, and clustering of parasitic fleas on rats in Junggar Basin were determined by community ecology methods. Results The community structures of parasitic fleas on Rhombomys opimus, Meriones meridianus, and Meriones erythrourus were the most complex, with the highest community richness, diversity, and relative rare species number, but without significant dominance. The parasitic fleas on Dipus sagitta had the second most complex community, with a community richness of 8, a mean rare species richness of 12.39 (the highest), a relative rare species number of 50.00%, and a diversity of 1.4838. The communities of parasitic fleas on Meriones tamariscinus and Allactaga sibirica were relatively complicated, with moderate homogeneity and advantages (both between 0.5 and 0.6), and both of them showed a species richness of 5, accounting for 31.25% of all flea species in the focus. In addition, they had mean species richness of 1.38 and 8.65 and relative rare species numbers of 20.00% and 40.00%. The community structures of parasitic fleas on Allactaga elater, Cricetulus griseus, Mus musculus, and Apodemus sylvaticus were simple, all with a relative rare species number of 0 and a mean species richness below 1.00. A. sylvaticus had only 1 species of flea, and the parasitic fleas on A. elater, C. griseus, and M. musculus had community richness of 2-4. The mean value of similarity index between the parasitic fleas on Rh. opimus, M. meridianus, M. erythrourus, D. sagitta, A. elater, C. griseus, and A. sylvaticus and other rats was greater than 0.5, and the mean value of similarity index between the communities of parasitic fleas on M. tamariscinus, A. sibirica, and M. musculus and other rats was less than 0.5. The communities of parasitic fleas on M. meridianus and other rats showed the highest similarity, with a mean value of similarity index of 0.6836, and the similarity index between the communities of parasitic fleas on M. meridianus and 7 species of rats was greater than 0.6, followed by the parasitic fleas on Rh. opimus and D. sagitta, which demonstrated a similarity index greater than 0.5, as compared with those on 6 species of rats. The similarity index between the communities of parasitic fleas on A. sibirica and other rats was the lowest (all below 0.5). The parasitic fleas on M. musculus showed a similarity index greater than 0.5 only when compared with those on M. erythrourus and M. tamariscinus, and had a mean value of similarity index of 0.2812 when compared with the fleas on other rats. The communities of parasitic fleas on the 10 species of rats were clustered into 3 phylogenetic branches (the communities on Rh. opimus, M. tamariscinus, and M. erythrourus, the communities on M. meridianus, and the communities on D. sagitta, A. sibirica, A. elater, M. musculus, A. sylvaticus, and C. griseus). Conclusion The fleas on rodents in the Junggar Basin plague focus exist in complex ecological communities. The communities of fleas on Rh. opimus, M. meridianus, and M. erythrourus are dominant in maintaining the complexity and diversity of fleas, while the communities of fleas on A. elater, C. griseus, A. sylvaticus, and M. musculus are complementary. There is extensive exchange of fleas among the rats in this region, and the fleas on M. meridianus are a key factor for the exchange. Rh. opimus and its fleas play a key role in plague epizootiology in the focus, and M. meridianus and its fleas may promote the prevalence of animal plague.

【Abstract】 Objective To understand the objective level of the bacterial embolus forming of the fleas （Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus） after its hibernation.  Methods C. tesquorum altaicus hungered for 3 d were fed with the dying mice infected by Yersina pestis on September 28, 2006, and no blood-sucking fleas were removed. Four hundred and thirteen infected fleas were put into the deepfreez at 2 to 4 ℃ and relative humidity （RH） 75%-85%. The infected fleas were taken out from refrigerator on April 6, 2007, and sucked blood from non-infected mouse one time. Then they were put into the incubator at 20 to 22 ℃ and RH 75%-85%. They were fed for 0.5-1 h at one day intervals.  The  forming  of  bacterial  embolus  was  observed  by   microscope.  Results There  were 235 C.tesquorum altaicus alive after hibernation, and nine fleas formed the bacterial embolus, which the forming rate of bacterial embolus was 3.83% （9/235）. Conclusion The forming rate of bacterial embolus of the fleas carrying the plague to over-winter was obviously lower than that of the fleas in the active stage （13.8%）, which might be related to fleas diapause at the disadvantage environment and the situation that some fleas got rid off plague or the  plague quantity carried by fleas decreased, less than 10² to 10⁴.

【Abstract】 Objective To survey reservoir hosts of desert-type kala-azar in Tarim Basin. Methods Collect animal samples in winter, and screen the samples which antibody were positive by ELISA. Leishmania was isolated by Lagurus lagurus inoculation and tissue culture. The specific gene sequences of Leishmania infantum isolated from kala?azar patients, Yarkend hare and Phlebotomus wui were amplified by molecular biological technology. Results There was Leishmania antibodies in Yarkend hare and Canis familiaris, and 3 strains of Leishmania were isolated from 44 of Yarkend hare which antibodies were positive. The NAGT gene sequences amplified from hares (3 strains), patients (1 strain) and vectors (6 strains) were same, according with the sequence of  L.infantum (AF205934)  from GenBank.  Conclusion It suggests that yarkend hare is one of the primal host of desert-type kala-azar in Tarim Basin.

Objective To evaluate application of the F1 antigen(antibody) ELISA test Kit in plague surveillence.Methods The samples from plague surveillance were detected by the routine method,ELISA and gold immuno chromatographic assay(GICA),and statistical analysis their results.Results 1798 tissue samples of human and animals were detected with bacterial culture,ELISA and RIHA.ELISA detecting rate(7.01%) were significantly higher than that of bacterial culture method( P<0.01),and their coincidence were 98.23%.4401 serum samples of human and animals were detected with IHA,ELISA and GICA.ELISA detecting rate were no discrepancy with IHA( P>0.05),but the coincidence were low(61.04%).When ELISA and GICA were used together,the coincidence can be improved(91.56%).Conclusion The F1 antigen(antibody) ELISA test kit for the diagnosis of plague is suit for the early detection of plague particularly in plague surveillence.

Objective To grasp community constitution and the distribution pattern of ticks in the Tarim Basin.Methods According to the geographical division and habitat type the survey site was selected,the species and quantity of ticks were investigated.With the technique and method of community ecology,the community constitution of ticks in different environments were calculated.Results There were total 9 species of 5 genera of ticks captured in the Basin. Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum and Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi were the dominant species in the area,accounting for(35.8%) and(33.6%),respectively.The community constitution of ticks was different in different areas and environments.In Yarkant River valley and middle and upper reaches of northern Tarim River,the tick was rich in species,and there were total 8 species of 5 genera of ticks captured in this area.The index of free ticks 30.47 was lower than that in southern(84.30) and eastern Tarim(85.31),but the index of parasitic ticks was higher(15.19),while the latters were(10.10) and(10.85),respectively. Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi was the dominant species of Hyalomma,it was(92.0%),and with less proportion of Hyalomma asiaticum((5.8%)).As for the parasitic tick, Rhipicephalus turanicus was the dominant species,but less than that in southern and eastern Tarim,accounting for(55.8%),(65.8%) and(74.7%),respectivelty and Rhipicephalus sanguineus accounted for little part,and was(0.2%).In the southern Tarim Basin the community constitution of ticks was identical to that in the eastern Basin,but the species was less than that in the northwest,there were 5 species of 2 genera.The index of free ticks was obviously higher than that in the northwest and with lower index of parasitic ticks.Of the free tick, Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum was the dominant species in the southern part while Hyalomma asiaticum kozlovi was the dominant species in the eastern part.Both of them accounted for about 66.9% and about 25% was overlapped. Among the parasitic ticks, Rhipicephalus turanicus was the dominant species and its proportion was higher than that in the northwest.The proportion of Rhipicephalus sanguineus reached about 10%,which was identical to Dermacentor niveus.It was about 20 times higher than that in the northwest.Conclusion The geographical fauna of ticks in Tarim Basin was consistent in macrocosm on the whole,but there is much different in communities structure of ticks in various geographical landscape and ecological environment.

Objective To grasp the community composition,structure and classification of ectoparasites on rodents in the Tarim Basin. Methods According to geographical division and habitat type the survey sites were selected,rodents were captured by quadrat and their ectoparasites were collected and identified separately. With the method of community ecology,the community constitution and structure parameter of all fleas on the rodents were calculated. The community of ectoparasites on the rodent in the area was classified by way of cluster analysis. Results There were total 351 rodents of 7 species captured in the Basin. And 683 parasitic fleas of 10 species,321 ticks of 3 species,621 mites and 29 lice were obtained. All of that constructed 7 flea-communities of rodents. The flea index,richness and diversity of parasitic fleas of Meriones meridianus were high,which played active role in the constitution and stability of ectoparasite community on rodents in the area. There was complementarity between the ectoparasite community of Salpingotus kozlovi and Meriones meridianus. It was important to keep the community structure of fleas in the Tarim Basin. Conclusion By cluster analysis,the ectoparasite community of 7 kinds of rodents in the Tarim Basin can be divided into 4 types: (1) Ectoparasite community of Brachiones, Apodemus sylvaticus, Cricetulus migratorius and Mus musculus. (2) Ectoparasite community of Salpingotus kozlovi. (3) Ectoparasite community of Euchoreutes naso. (4) Ectoparasite community of Meriones meridianus.